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In Vivo Behavior of Zirconia—Hydroxyapatite (ZH) Ceramic Implants in Dogs: A Clinical, Radiographic, and Histological Study

School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais State Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CP 567, Pampulha CEP 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

C.M.F. Rezende

School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais State Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CP 567, Pampulha CEP 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

V.A. Silva Junior

Rural Federal University of Pernambuco State, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-000, Recife, PE, Brazil

H.C. Garcia

Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais State Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

D.J. Griffon

Laboratory for Applied Research on Biomaterials, Small Animal Clinic University of Illinois, 1008 W Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA

V.V. Silva

Laboratory of the Materials and Nuclear Fuel Service, Nuclear Technology Development Center, R. Prof. Mário Werneck, s/n, CP 941, Pampulha, CEP 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, University of Vale do Rio Verde, Av. Castelo Branco, 82, Chácara dos Rosas, CEP 37410-000, Três Corações, MG, Brazil, vvs{at}cdtn.br

The main goal of this study is to evaluate potential applications of two zirconia—hydroxyapatite composites, Z4H6 and Z6H4, as bone substitutes. Composite plugs were implanted into the distal femoral metaphysis and also onto the longissimus dorsi of 18 adult mixed-breed dogs in order to assess in vivo biocompatibility by immediate clinical and radiographic evaluation 30, 90, and 120 days after implantation. Radiographic examination revealed radiolucency on the defect site. However, a progressive increase in bone density was observed over time, reaching a radiopacity similar to that of bone 120 days after implantation. Histological study revealed that a thin layer of fibroblasts was observed at the implant—bone interface in addition to osteoblastic activity 30 days after implantation, whereas bone neoformation around the implants was detected for the subsequent implantation times (90 and 120 days). Otherwise, the histological evaluation of the implant—muscle interface showed the presence of an initially thick fibrous tissue layer 30 days after implantation, which decreased with longer investigation times (90 and 120 days). The numbers of plasmocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages gradually reduced as a function implantation time, being completely absent 120 days after implantation with a resulting complete osteointegration process. The zirconia phase content did not affect the bioactive behavior of the implants investigated and did not induce bone formation when implanted into muscle either.

Key Words: zirconia—hydroxyapatite composite • bone substitute • osteoconduction • biocompatibility.

Journal of Biomaterials Applications, Vol. 22, No. 1, 5-31 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0885328206065860


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